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- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- China
- Header
-
-
- Affiliation:
- (also see separate Taiwan entry)
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- China
- Geography
-
-
- Location:
- Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South
- China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam
- Map references:
- Asia
- Area:
- total area:
- 9,596,960 sq km
- land area:
- 9,326,410 sq km
- comparative area:
- slightly larger than the US
- Land boundaries:
- total 22,143.34 km, Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km, Hong
- Kong 30 km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km,
- Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia 4,673 km, Nepal
- 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest)
- 40 km, Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km
- Coastline:
- 14,500 km
- Maritime claims:
- continental shelf:
- claim to shallow areas of East China Sea and Yellow Sea
- territorial sea:
- 12 nm
- International disputes:
- boundary with India in dispute; disputed sections of the boundary with
- Russia remain to be settled; boundary with Tajikistan in dispute; a short
- section of the boundary with North Korea is indefinite; involved in a
- complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan,
- Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; maritime boundary dispute with Vietnam in the
- Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam
- and Taiwan; claims Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku
- Islands/Diaoyu Tai), as does Taiwan
- Climate:
- extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north
- Terrain:
- mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills
- in east
- Natural resources:
- coal, iron ore, petroleum, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese,
- molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydropower
- potential (world's largest)
- Land use:
- arable land:
- 10%
- permanent crops:
- 0%
- meadows and pastures:
- 31%
- forest and woodland:
- 14%
- other:
- 45%
- Irrigated land:
- 478,220 sq km (1991 - Chinese data)
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- China
- Geography
- Environment:
- current issues:
- air pollution from the overwhelming use of high-sulfur coal as a fuel,
- produces acid rain which is damaging forests; water shortages experienced
- throughout the country, particularly in urban areas; future growth in water
- usage threatens to outpace supplies; water pollution from industrial
- effluents; much of the population does not have access to potable water;
- less than 10% of sewage receives treatment; deforestation; estimated loss of
- one-fifth of agricultural land since 1957 to soil erosion and economic
- development; desertification; trade in endangered species
- natural hazards:
- frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern coasts);
- damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts
- international agreements:
- party to - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
- Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping,
- Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber
- 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Law of
- the Sea
- Note:
- world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada)
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- China
- People
-
-
- Population:
- 1,203,097,268 (July 1995 est.)
- Age structure:
- 0-14 years:
- 26% (female 151,266,866; male 167,234,782)
- 15-64 years:
- 67% (female 391,917,572; male 419,103,994)
- 65 years and over:
- 7% (female 39,591,692; male 33,982,362) (July 1995 est.)
- Population growth rate:
- 1.04% (1995 est.)
- Birth rate:
- 17.78 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Death rate:
- 7.36 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Net migration rate:
- 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Infant mortality rate:
- 52.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
- Life expectancy at birth:
- total population:
- 68.08 years
- male:
- 67.09 years
- female:
- 69.18 years (1995 est.)
- Total fertility rate:
- 1.84 children born/woman (1995 est.)
- Nationality:
- noun:
- Chinese (singular and plural)
- adjective:
- Chinese
- Ethnic divisions:
- Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol,
- Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%
- Religions:
- Daoism (Taoism), Buddhism, Muslim 2%-3%, Christian 1% (est.)
- note:
- officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic
- Languages:
- Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue
- (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese),
- Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic divisions entry)
- Literacy:
- age 15 and over can read and write (1990)
- total population:
- 78%
- male:
- 87%
- female:
- 68%
- Labor force:
- 583.6 million (1991)
- by occupation:
- agriculture and forestry 60%, industry and commerce 25%, construction and
- mining 5%, social services 5%, other 5% (1990 est.)
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- China
- Government
-
-
- Names:
- conventional long form:
- People's Republic of China
- conventional short form:
- China
- local long form:
- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo
- local short form:
- Zhong Guo
- Abbreviation:
- PRC
- Digraph:
- CH
- Type:
- Communist state
- Capital:
- Beijing
- Administrative divisions:
- 23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu,
- singular and plural), and 3 municipalities** (shi, singular and plural);
- Anhui, Beijing**, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan,
- Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning,
- Nei Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai**, Shanxi,
- Sichuan, Tianjin**, Xinjiang*, Xizang* (Tibet), Yunnan, Zhejiang
- note:
- China considers Taiwan its 23rd province
- Independence:
- 221 BC (unification under the Qin or Ch'in Dynasty 221 BC; Qing or Ch'ing
- Dynasty replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912; People's Republic
- established 1 October 1949)
- National holiday:
- National Day, 1 October (1949)
- Constitution:
- most recent promulgated 4 December 1982
- Legal system:
- a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary
- civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect since 1
- January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil,
- administrative, criminal, and commercial law
- Suffrage:
- 18 years of age; universal
- Executive branch:
- chief of state:
- President JIANG Zemin (since 27 March 1993); Vice President RONG Yiren
- (since 27 March 1993); election last held 27 March 1993 (next to be held
- 1998); results - JIANG Zemin was nominally elected by the Eighth National
- People's Congress
- head of government:
- Premier LI Peng (Acting Premier since 24 November 1987, Premier since 9
- April 1988) Vice Premier ZHU Rongji (since 8 April 1991); Vice Premier ZOU
- Jiahua (since 8 April 1991); Vice Premier QIAN Qichen (since 29 March 1993);
- Vice Premier LI Lanqing (29 March 1993); Vice Premier WU Bangguo (since 17
- March 1995); Vice Premier JIANG Chunyun (since 17 March 1995)
- cabinet:
- State Council; appointed by the National People's Congress (NPC)
- Legislative branch:
- unicameral
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- China
- Government
- National People's Congress:
- (Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui) elections last held March 1993 (next to be
- held March 1998); results - CCP is the only party but there are also
- independents; seats - (2,977 total) (elected at county or xian level)
- Judicial branch:
- Supreme People's Court
- Political parties and leaders:
- Chinese Communist Party (CCP), JIANG Zemin, general secretary of the Central
- Committee (since 24 June 1989); eight registered small parties controlled by
- CCP
- Other political or pressure groups:
- such meaningful opposition as exists consists of loose coalitions, usually
- within the party and government organization, that vary by issue
- Member of:
- AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD,
- IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU,
- MINURSO, NAM (observer), PCA, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
- UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNOMIL, UNOMOZ, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
- WMO, WTO
- Diplomatic representation in US:
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador LI Daoyu
- chancery:
- 2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
- telephone:
- [1] (202) 328-2500 through 2502
- consulate(s) general:
- Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco
- US diplomatic representation:
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY
- embassy:
- Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, 100600 Beijing
- mailing address:
- PSC 461, Box 50, Beijing; FPO AP 96521-0002
- telephone:
- [86] (1) 5323831
- FAX:
- [86] (1) 5323178
- consulate(s) general:
- Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Shenyang
- Flag:
- red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow
- five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the
- flag) in the upper hoist-side corner
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- China
- Economy
-
-
- Overview:
- Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been trying to move the
- economy from the sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more
- productive and flexible economy with market elements, but still within the
- framework of monolithic Communist control. To this end the authorities
- switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of
- the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and
- plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale
- enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the economy to
- increased foreign trade and investment. The result has been a strong surge
- in production, particularly in agriculture in the early 1980s. Industry also
- has posted major gains, especially in coastal areas near Hong Kong and
- opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment and modern production methods have
- helped spur production of both domestic and export goods. Aggregate output
- has more than doubled since 1978. On the darker side, the leadership has
- often experienced in its hybrid system the worst results of socialism
- (bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of capitalism (windfall gains and
- stepped-up inflation). Beijing thus has periodically backtracked,
- retightening central controls at intervals. In 1992-94 annual growth of GDP
- accelerated, particularly in the coastal areas - to more than 10% annually
- according to official claims. In late 1993 China's leadership approved
- additional long-term reforms aimed at giving more play to market-oriented
- institutions and at strengthening the center's control over the financial
- system. In 1994 strong growth continued in the widening market-oriented
- areas of the economy. At the same time, the government struggled to (a)
- collect revenues due from provinces, businesses, and individuals; (b) keep
- inflation within bounds; (c) reduce extortion and other economic crimes; and
- (d) keep afloat the large state-owned enterprises, most of which had not
- participated in the vigorous expansion of the economy. From 60 to 100
- million surplus rural workers are adrift between the villages and the
- cities, many barely subsisting through part-time low-pay jobs. Popular
- resistance, changes in central policy, and loss of authority by rural cadres
- have weakened China's population control program, which is essential to the
- nation's long-term economic viability. One of the most dangerous long-term
- threats to continued rapid economic growth is the deterioration in the
- environment, notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the
- water table especially in the north.
- National product:
- GDP - purchasing power parity - $2.9788 trillion (1994 estimate as
- extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992 by use of official Chinese
- growth statistics for 1993-94; because of the difficulties with official
- statistics in this time of rapid change, the result may overstate China's
- GDP by as much as 25%)
- National product real growth rate:
- 11.8% (1994 est.)
- National product per capita:
- $2,500 (1994 est.)
- Inflation rate (consumer prices):
- 25.5% (December 1994 over December 1993)
- Unemployment rate:
- 2.7% in urban areas (1994); substantial underemployment
- Budget:
- deficit $13.7 billion (1994)
- Exports:
- $121 billion (f.o.b., 1994)
- commodities:
- textiles, garments, footwear, toys, machinery and equipment, weapon systems
- partners:
- Hong Kong, Japan, US, Germany, South Korea, Russia (1993)
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- China
- Economy
- Imports:
- $115.7 billion (c.i.f., 1994)
- commodities:
- rolled steel, motor vehicles, textile machinery, oil products, aircraft
- partners:
- Japan, Taiwan, US, Hong Kong, Germany, South Korea (1993)
- External debt:
- $100 billion (1994 est.)
- Industrial production:
- growth rate 17.5% (1994 est.)
- Electricity:
- capacity:
- 162,000,000 kW
- production:
- 746 billion kWh
- consumption per capita:
- 593 kWh (1993)
- Industries:
- iron and steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles and apparel,
- petroleum, cement, chemical fertilizers, consumer durables, food processing,
- autos, consumer electronics, telecommunications
- Agriculture:
- accounts for almost 30% of GDP; among the world's largest producers of rice,
- potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, and pork; commercial crops
- include cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds; produces variety of livestock
- products; basically self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 13.35 million
- metric tons (including fresh water and pond raised) (1991)
- Illicit drugs:
- illicit producer of opium; bulk of production is in Yunnan Province (which
- produced 25 metric tons in 1994); transshipment point for heroin produced in
- the Golden Triangle
- Economic aid:
- donor:
- to less developed countries (1970-89) $7 billion
- recipient:
- US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $220.7 million; Western (non-US)
- countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $13.5 billion
- Currency:
- 1 yuan (Y) = 10 jiao
- Exchange rates:
- yuan (Y) per US$1 - 8.4413 (January 1995), 8.6187 (1994), 5.7620 (1993),
- 5.5146 (1992), 5.3234 (1991), 4.7832 (1990)
- note:
- beginning 1 January 1994, the People's Bank of China quotes the midpoint
- rate against the US dollar based on the previous day's prevailing rate in
- the interbank foreign exchange market
- Fiscal year:
- calendar year
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- China
- Transportation
-
-
- Railroads:
- total:
- 65,780 km
- standard gauge:
- 55,180 km 1.435-m gauge (7,174 km electrified; more than 11,000 km double
- track)
- narrow gauge:
- 600 km 1.000-m gauge; 10,000 km 0.762-m to 1.067-m gauge dedicated
- industrial lines
- Highways:
- total:
- 1.029 million km
- paved:
- 170,000 km
- unpaved:
- gravel/improved earth 648,000 km; unimproved earth 211,000 km (1990)
- Inland waterways:
- 138,600 km; about 109,800 km navigable
- Pipelines:
- crude oil 9,700 km; petroleum products 1,100 km; natural gas 6,200 km (1990)
- Ports:
- Aihui, Changsha, Dalian, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Harbin, Huangpu,
- Nanning, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shantou, Tanggu, Xiamen,
- Xingang, Zhanjiang
- Merchant marine:
- total:
- 1,628 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,013,532 GRT/24,027,766 DWT
- ships by type:
- barge carrier 3, bulk 298, cargo 849, chemical tanker 14, combination bulk
- 10, container 98, liquefied gas tanker 4, multifunction large load carrier
- 1, oil tanker 212, passenger 24, passenger-cargo 25, refrigerated cargo 21,
- roll-on/roll-off cargo 24, short-sea passenger 44, vehicle carrier 1
- note:
- China beneficially owns an additional 250 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
- approximately 8,831,462 DWT that operate under Panamanian, Hong Kong,
- Maltese, Liberian, Vanuatu, Cypriot, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
- Bahamian, and Singaporean registry
- Airports:
- total:
- 204
- with paved runways over 3,047 m:
- 17
- with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:
- 69
- with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:
- 89
- with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
- 9
- with paved runways under 914 m:
- 7
- with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m:
- 7
- with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
- 3
- with unpaved runways under 914 m:
- 3
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- China
- Communications
-
-
- Telephone system:
- 20,000,000 telephones (summer 1994); domestic and international services are
- increasingly available for private use; unevenly distributed internal system
- serves principal cities, industrial centers, and most townships; expanding
- phone lines, interprovincial fiber optic links, satellite communications,
- cellullar/mobile communications, etc.
- local:
- NA
- intercity:
- fiber optic trunk lines, 55 earth stations for domestic satellites
- international:
- 5 INTELSAT earth stations (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1
- INMARSAT earth station; several international fiber optic links to Japan and
- Hong Kong
- Radio:
- broadcast stations:
- AM 274, FM NA, shortwave 0
- radios:
- 215 million
- Television:
- broadcast stations:
- 202 (repeaters 2,050)
- televisions:
- 75 million
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- China
- Defense Forces
-
-
- Branches:
- People's Liberation Army (PLA), which includes the Ground Forces, Navy
- (includes Marines and Naval Aviation), Air Force, Second Artillery Corps
- (the strategic missile force), People's Armed Police (internal security
- troops, nominally subordinate to Ministry of Public Security, but included
- by the Chinese as part of the "armed forces" and considered to be an adjunct
- to the PLA in war time)
- Manpower availability:
- males age 15-49 351,330,411; males fit for military service 194,286,619;
- males reach military age (18) annually 9,841,658 (1995 est.)
- Defense expenditures:
- defense budget - 63.09 billion yuan, NA% of GDP (1995 est.); note -
- conversion of the defense budget into US dollars using the current exchange
- rate could produce misleading results
-